Friday, May 22, 2020

The Atrocities of World War II - 1111 Words

The only recognized atrocity of World War II was the Holocaust, but the real truth hides much deeper within. There were thousands of atrocities that occurred leading up to the war, within the years of World War II, and after the war. Many were unrecognized and undocumented and the stories of the dead still remain unknown. My purpose here is to tell the story of the men, women, and children that no one remember, or never even knew existed. The Holocaust was perhaps the most dramatic and well known atrocity of World War II because of the sheer number of deaths and crimes that had to be put on trial in Nuremburg. Millions upon millions of Jewish men, women, and children were executed and experimented on in dozens of ways. The Russians†¦show more content†¦The German civilians had to deal with many tragedies such as being invaded or having the women raped by Allied troops. The economy of World War II had a major impact on the world today. The German economy during the war crashe d so much that their money had no value and was just used as paper. There is picture of German children making castles out of thousands of German dollars because they were worthless. The American economy is still affected today by the results of World War II. Thousands of war-bonds were sold to the public in efforts to raise money for the war, build weapons, build ships, build tanks, and pay soldiers. An enormous sum of the money that we owe to other countries dates back to World War II. The amount of federal spending during World War II increased nearly 300% from 1941 to 1945. The money that was spent in World War II increased 72 Billion dollars from 1940 to 1945. Many boards and committees were set in place to monitor the growth in spending and the money spent on the war, so we could spend our money wisely and get more â€Å"bang for our buck†. One important topic when talking about World War II is the effect it had on human emotion. Human emotion carried an enormous role t hroughout the war and probably could have changed the ways and lives of millions of civilians and soldiers for the benefit of the world. For instance,Show MoreRelatedThe Causes Behind The Atrocities Experienced During World War II1166 Words   |  5 PagesWhen evaluating the causes behind the atrocities experienced during World War II, many reasons for these events can be found in the conditions occurring beforehand. Beyond this, many of these causes can be applicable contributions to each World War. In terms of cause, World War II can be considered an inevitable continuation of the first World War. It erupted due to Hitler’s extreme desire for expansion and hostile foreign policy, war was immediately declared upon German militarization of PolandRead MoreHow the Atrocities of War Exemplify the Characteristic Moral Ambiguity of Human Nature719 Words   |  3 Pagesleaders adopt in times of war, inspiring further research through the evocation of a need to more thoroughly lea rn about the moral ambiguity that envelops those in positions of power during wartime. This characteristic moral ambiguity of human nature is most clearly seen in the atrocities of war through institutionalized torture, mass death, and willingness of leaders to sacrifice troops. Through analyses of conflicts such as the World War II, the Vietnam War, the Civil War, the An Lushan RebellionRead MoreNanking Massacre Essay example876 Words   |  4 PagesNanking Massacre 1. The Japanese invasion of China immediately before and during World War II lasted from the early 1930s to 1945. During this dark period in modern Asian history, the Japanese military machine was motivated by an uncontrollable desire for aggression, expansion and imperialism. The brutalities and atrocities committed by the Japanese military in China and elsewhere in Asia finally ended with destruction on Japanese soil -- the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in AugustRead MoreHuman Rights Are The Rights One Is Entitled To Based On1232 Words   |  5 Pagesnormalize and promote the idea of human rights, while laws and other legally binding documents protect everyone’s human rights under the law. The most significant of these laws and documents emerged after the 20th century, due to the atrocities that occurred during that time - war, genocide, expulsion, and mass sterilization – and in particular, focused on the rights of women and racial minorities. While th e rights of sexual minorities were also impacted, this essay will only examine the rights of womenRead MoreKurt Vonnegut Analysis1239 Words   |  5 PagesKurt Vonnegut The Nonsense of War and Billy Pilgrim The firebombing of Dresden by the Allies took as many as 135,000 innocent lives (AE). Among those firebombed, there was Kurt Vonnegut, a U.S. POW during World War II being held captive by the Nazis (AE). Strategically, the firebombing was senseless (AE). Many have speculated that the purpose of the bombing was to disrupt the Nazi war machine, which would make sense if it wasn’t for the fact that Dresden contained no heavy industry (AE). TheRead MoreThe Nankin Massacre in China: Historically Forgotten1399 Words   |  6 Pagesvalues. The occurrence of the Raping of Nanking continues to be subjected to such interpretations. On December 12, 1937, an outbreak of mass murder and rape was committed by the Japanese troops against Nanking China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. This incident, which came to be known as the Nanking Massacre or the Rape of Nanking, lasted for six weeks during which the Imperial Japanese Army murdered tens of thousands of Chinese civilians and disarme d combatants. Since Japanese military recordsRead MoreThe Holocaust : An Special Incident958 Words   |  4 PagesOver the last two and a half millennia, the Jewish people have faced hardship and intolerance from various groups living beside them. A number of historians however believe that of all the atrocities committed against the Jewish people, none parallel the Holocaust. While these historians believe that the Holocaust was a unique occurrence, history rejects this notion of Nazi anti-semitism being an special incident. Disregarding preceding events, most notably the enslavement of the Jewish peopleRead MoreNight By Elie Wiesel1661 Words   |  7 Pageschildren, whose bodies I saw turned into wreaths of smoke beneath a silent blue sky† (Night). Remembering the events of the Holocaust and the atrocities that occurred are a major theme of the book . The events of the Holocaust were unforgettable to Elie Wiesel and even on the first day, he saw children being burned. Throughout the book this is not the only atrocity that he saw. After hearing about the camps for months and being in disbelief, Elie Wiesel and his family got sent to a concentration campRead MoreThe And Punishment Of The United Nations1640 Words   |  7 Pagesright to justice and restoration. These violators may be government officials or private individuals and they are often protected by special jurisdictions, sanctions, immunities, or amnesties. In 1945, at the Nuremberg Trials, which judged the accused war criminals of Nazi Germany, the international community pledged that never again would it allow monstrous crimes against humanity or genocide to take place. The United Nations recognized the need for an international criminal court to prosecute andRead MoreJapanese Occupation1629 Words   |  7 PagesJapanese Occupation Filipino war veterans would describe it life under the Japanese was anything but peaceful. Thousands of them stood witness to oppression and suffering through the years of colonial occupation under Japan. All their stories were spoken against a backdrop of violent subjugations, each one bringing back old wounds and reliving some of their worst nightmares. For most Filipinos, it was a harsh and fearsome reality filled with terror and abuse. Never in the history of the Philippines

Sunday, May 10, 2020

Plagarism - 833 Words

Plagiarism Quiz This quiz has been taken from the University of Indiana website (What is Plagiarism at Indiana University? A Short Quiz and Concept Lesson by Ted Frick. http://education.indiana.edu/~frick/plagiarism/index2.html.) If you have access to ICT you can do the quiz online, otherwise use the samples below to check your awareness of plagiarism. If you do use the online version, make some notes about the correct answers on the sheet to remind you later. ____________________________________________________________ ____________ Task 1. Read the following text carefully: Technology has significantly transformed education at several major turning points in our history. In the broadest sense, the first technology was†¦show more content†¦Fresh water freezes at 32 degrees Fahrenheit, although the freezing point of salt water is lower. B On my way to my Monday physics class, I had a great insight that mass and energy were related to each other mathematically, E = mc2. ____________________________________________________________ ____________ Use the following extract to put your knowledge to the test. Write an extract which paraphrases, but does not plagiarise. You may quote up to one sentence. |Original Text |Your work | |On 2nd February 1421, China dwarfed every nation on earth. On that Chinese | | |New Year’s Day, kings and envoys from the length and breadth of Asia, | | |Arabia, Africa and the Indian Ocean assembled amid the splendors of Beijing | | |to pay homage to Emperor Zhu Di, the Son of Heaven. A fleet of ships, | | |navigating the oceans with pinpoint accuracy, had brought the rulers and | | |their envoys to pay tribute to the EmperorShow MoreRelatedAvoiding Plagarism737 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Plagiarism: Plagiarism is basically described as the decision or acts by a writer to use the exact words from the reference and present them as his or her original thought. Plagiarism usually occurs when the writer has been asked to do a research on a certain topic. In this case, after the writer has identified the best or most suitable reference that suites the question, he or she writes the exact words that the author has used in the reference or source as his original reflection, suggestionRead MoreAvoiding Plagarism, An Introduction793 Words   |  3 PagesAvoiding Plagiarism Introduction Plagiarism is using information that is obtained from another source without giving credit to that source. This can mean using the exact words of another writer, or it can mean taking the ideas of another writer and putting them into your own words. This is known as paraphrasing. In both situations, students should make sure they indicate the name of the writer and the location of the article they found it in. If students do not include this information, it isRead MoreWhy I Thought Plagarism Was Wrong973 Words   |  4 Pagesessay on plagarism. On whether I thought plagarism was wrong. I had to use two sources that the insstructor had provided plus other ones I wanted regarding that topic and my perspective of why I thought it was wrong. The essay did not have to be extremely long. I started by looking on Google Advance Search for things that were related to plagarism and the different type they were. Looking at all the different types, I decided to simply write about academic plagarism and work related plagarism. NowRead MoreAll About Plagarism627 Words   |  2 PagesA lot of students plagiarize without even realizing it. Throughout my paper I am going to tell you why students plagiarize, how plagiarism is detected, what the consequences are, why it’s important for students to understand, and what constitutes plagiarism. By the time I get done with my paper you will know all you need to know about plagiarism. Before we get started I am going to give you a definition of plagiarism. Plagiarism occurs when a writer deliberately uses someone else’s language, ideasRead MoreOutline and Research Paper on Cheating/Plagarism2981 Words   |  12 PagesDelgado i Take the Easy Way Now, Face Consequences Later Thesis Statement: Students and writers who have become more accustomed to cheating and plagiarizing forget the fact that what they are doing is unacceptable, are deteriorating their ability to do their own work, and must face severe punishments. I. Extensive amount of students cheating and plagiarizing A. Common cheating and plagiarizing B. Students not aware of wrongness C. Easier academic dishonesty II. Copying workRead MoreThe Aeneid and The Odyssey1324 Words   |  6 PagesAre there similarities between Homers The Odyssey and Virgils The Aeneid? There are many similarities that could be examined indepth. The lovers encountered in both plays can lead to the idea of ancient plagarism. The games held by the greeks and trojans are similar to the Olympic Games. The downfall of characters, cities or monsters can be seen often in many stories. Maybe rewriting history is the effort of a plagarist to cheat true historical events. The lovers Aeneas and Odysseus encounterRead MorePersonal Reflection1034 Words   |  5 Pagestaken care of first, such as going to work. Then yellow for necessary but not urgent items, such as, going on a walk and paying bills unless I am late, gray for optional items if time allows. Understand and apply the NCU Academic Integrity Policy Plagarism is not allowed in any form while working towards a doctorate degree. All NCU students have to be cognizant that improper Paraphrasing is not permitted either. At least one work in the semester is run through a software to check for plagiarism. IfRead MorePlagiarism Habits Of Politicians : Plagiarism876 Words   |  4 Pagesto deliver speech prepared by their assistant and discussed by their party members. A wise decision should be made while electing the political members because this corrupted leaders might not be the right person to be the leader of a country. 3. Plagarism is stealing others work and voters should evaluate this candidates who are prone to plagiarism in detail. Voters must think carefully before they cast vote to their candidate. The politician who plagiarizes others work might not be the right personRead MoreThe Theory Of Basic Income945 Words   |  4 Pagesoften tend to dismiss new political concepts such as basic income. Their views can often be seen as pessimistic as their views often have them believing that people searching for basic income are lazy and corrupt. (this part needs to be changed for plagarism) As stated by Fitzpatrick (1999), the conservatives in the radical right tend to dismiss the concept of basic income as disruptive to the the national economy. They put the economy before the people by dismissing all evidence with their pessimisticRead MoreBLAT Analysis On Biology1298 Words   |  6 PagesPerform the following BLAST analysis on your allocated sequence and answer the following questions based on the results. Plagarism will result in an automatic score of zero. 1. Identify the gene 5% Homo sapiens cytochrome P450 family 24 subfamily A member 1 (CYP24A1), transcript variant X3, mRNA 2. Show the results of your BLAST analysis obtained at both nucleotide (2%) and protein (2%) level and identify the types of mutation(s) present (6%). You should also highlight where the mutations occur

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Music meter Free Essays

Appreciating music as the universal language of the soul is more of an instinct and should not be tiring. However, dealing with music formally exposes us to a lot of technical aspects that may appear a little complicated especially for beginners who eventually get exhausted in the learning process. But not all technical issues remain confusing. We will write a custom essay sample on Music meter or any similar topic only for you Order Now In music studies, meter is perhaps easiest understood. It is almost an automatic information absorbed by a listener without having to look at a chart or any written guide. The simple hand clap or stomping of the feet acquaints our ears so we can easily follow a tune. Even children can be surprisingly responsive to the music they listen to. Because it is fundamental, learning music meter would not take too much of your time. By simply focusing the mind, one can easily go to the next level. Body Music meter is the arrangement of rhythm in fixed, regular patterns with a uniform number of beats [or pulse] in uniform measures (Dudley et al, pp. 240).   At this point, the word ‘timing’ becomes the main concern. Formal musical pieces indicate the meter applied through time signature, which is the fraction number indicated beside the clef symbol at the beginning of the staff or that five horizontal placement lines that hold the notes (Fig 1). The numerator tells us how many basic beats there are in each measure, and the denominator tells the basic duration value of the beat (Dudley et al, pp. 241). It consists of equal divisions and subdivisions translated into counts of 1-–2--1--2 (Schmidt-Jones, pp. 3) or ONE two, ONE two (Dudley et al, pp. 241). This depends on the types of music meter used. Fig. 1   The staff, plural form: staves There are actually two traditional patterns of music meter widely used in Western music, the duple, triple, and quadruple, which breaks into simple and compound sub-patterns. For example, the duple pattern have simple duple and compound duple; the same goes for the rest. â€Å"In a simple meter, each beat is basically divided into halves. In compound meters, each beat is divided into thirds.† (Schmidt-Jones) This can be written as: Duple simple  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1-and-2-and-1-and-2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2/4 Triple simple  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1-and-2-and-3-and-1-and-2-and-3   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3/4 Quadruple simple  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1-and-2-and-3-and-4-and-1-and-2-and-3-and-4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4/4 Duple compound  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1-and-a-2-and-1-and-a-2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   6/8  Ã‚   (pp. 3) Sometimes, a single piece can contain a number of time signatures. Sometimes, it can contain no definite pattern at all. A music piece that does not follow a specific time signature is called free meter. This is common in Gregorian chants or plainsong, and some cultural music that has distorted beats and pulses, which can be really frustrating for a listener as they can be hardly followed. There are also experimental musicians who does not stick to certain music patterns. Conclusion Music meter is one of the basic elements of music that is evidently easy to learn until we can come up with a professionally designed composition. Musicians and listeners to day has more advantage as music has progressed with a lot of new things to discover and experiment with. One only needs to look a few years back to know its historic details, which can be more interesting than today’s versions. Anyone can even educate themselves about it with the help of comprehensive and concise reading materials. References Dudley, L., Faricy, A., Rice, J. G. (1978) Elements of Music. The Humanities. (Sixth Edition, pp. 238-271). US: McGraw-Hill, Inc. Schmidt-Jones, C. (2007) Meter In Music. Connexions Module, Version 1.7, Retrieved February 15, 2007 from http://cnx.org/content/m12405/latest/ How to cite Music meter, Essay examples

Thursday, April 30, 2020

The Effects of Consumerism on American Society Essay Example

The Effects of Consumerism on American Society Essay Over time, people’s minds have changed a lot because of advanced technology and inventions. There was a long period when one did not judge others because of their belongings. Today people became more superficial. The question is, why?Wealth and consumer products such as money, television or online applications change people’s attitude, especially kids’ and teenagers’, and lead to a superficial worldview, unhappiness, arrogance and adversely impact people’s characters including their lives. Online applications and television, negatively influence the behavior of people. Especially younger generations think that material things reflect the value of life. Different advertisements that people see influence their way of thinking. Years ago, there were only newspapers, posters and TV’s as sources for advertisement but now we have phones with apps like Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter, which also influenced people’s lives since their launching. These applications were originally invented to connect people but meanwhile, it became a huge business and money-making machines mainly used to advertise. Those applications used to be social networks, where one could easily connect to his or her friends or watch funny videos of others.But now, since it became more than that, it is much easier to advertise to people and show them the newest clothing trends or cool and trendy brandings. Especially the so-called ‘influencers’ or people who are getting paid fro m business companies for wearing or advertising their products online are role models for the younger generation. â€Å"[C]ompanies use advertising to inform people of what they have to offer.†, as Ewald Berkers says (Tindal). However, they do not only inform but seduce them to have the same satisfaction as the people in the posts or ads. Suzanna Opree researched how children felt after watching TV-advertisements and if other children would like them more if they owned a specif We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Consumerism on American Society specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Consumerism on American Society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Consumerism on American Society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Friday, March 20, 2020

Israel votes to refund settlers essays

Israel votes to refund settlers essays Title of the article: Israel votes to refund settlers This article can be summarized in three main points. (a) Ariel Sharon wants to remove 21 Israeli settlements in the Gaza Strip and four of 120 in the West Bank by compensating the Israeli settlers in these areas. (b) Prime Minister Ariel Sharon's questionable proposal can cause great problems within the Likud Party, even though many Israeili citizens support it. (Four Likud ministers opposed the proposal) (c) Mr Sharon supports his proposal basically because he thinks by removing the settlements in these areas the security in Israel will develop for the better. First when I heard about this I thought it was a great idea. I couldn't understand why some ministers opposed the proposal while almost 65% of the Israeli population liked it. Now that I've thought about it I've reached a conclusion. I don't think a person like Ariel Sharon would just decide to remove Israeli settlements from areas they've fought so hard to get. I think he has other motives such as concentrating on larger areas that could give the Israelis more control. Realistically I don't think that this would develop the security of the country. Removing the Israeli settlements in the specific areas would mean that he has to find somewhere to place them. Therefore I believe that this so called withdrawal is just a way for Israel to expand its territory and trick the Palestinians into thinking they're slowly being given a chance to a Palestinian state. Mr Sharon is very clever but I think that if he was really going for peace he would withdraw all the Israeli settlements from the West Bank and not only some. Also, if it was a real withdrawal, the Palestinians would be able to live anywhere in Israel. Therefore I don't think this proposal would bring peace. What we have in these areas is clash of civilizations and therefore I don't thin ...

Wednesday, March 4, 2020

Why Using Experiential Learning With Adults Is Powerful

Why Using Experiential Learning With Adults Is Powerful Kolb and Frye, two leaders in adult educational theory, say that adults learn best through active participation and reflection. This form of learning is called experiential because it involves hands-on experience and observation as well as discussion and other forms of learning. What Is Experiential Learning? In a sense, experiential learning is simply learning by doing but there is more to the process. Not only do learners take action, but they reflect on, learn from, and take new action based on experience. Kolb and Frye describe experiential learning as a four-part cycle: The learner has concrete experience with the content being taught.The learner reflects on the experience by comparing it to prior experiences.Based on experience and reflection, the learner develops new ideas about the content being taught.The learner acts on her new ideas by experimenting in an experiential setting. When the new ideas are put into action, they become the basis for a new cycle of experiential learning. Examples of Experiential Learning Its important to understand that experiential learning is not identical with hands-on learning or apprenticeship. The purpose of experiential learning is not simply to learn a skill through practice, but also to think critically about the practice and to improve upon it. For a child, hands-on learning might involve mixing baking powder and vinegar and watching it bubble and rise. This activity is good hands-on fun, but it doesnt necessarily provide the child with a full understanding of the chemical interaction between the two materials.   For an adult, hands-on learning might involve working with a trained carpenter to learn how to build a chair. In this case, the learner has gained some skills but has not taken part in experiential learning. The next step would involve taking time to reflect on the experience and compare chair-building to other building projects. Based on reflection, the learner would then develop new ideas about how best to go about building a chair and return to chair building with new insights and ideas. Pros and Cons of Experiential Learning Experiential learning can be very powerful for adults because they have the life experience and cognitive ability to reflect, develop new ideas, and take positive action. It also provides adults with the real-world experience they need to place their new skills in context and to develop new ideas about how to implement their skills. This is particularly true when real-world skills are taught in a classroom context. For example, a classroom experience with providing CPR is very different from a real-world experience in the back of an ambulance. On the other hand, experiential learning has very specific limits. It is only useful when the  content being taught is content that will be used in a real-world setting. So, for example, it is very difficult to provide experiential learning relative to literature, history, or philosophy. Yes, it is possible to take field trips to relevant locations or museums but field trips are quite different from experiential learning.

Monday, February 17, 2020

Catalysis and catalysts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Catalysis and catalysts - Essay Example With this introduction, this essay will demonstrate how catalysts speed up reactions, explain how they work by using the enthalpy reaction profiles, and demonstrate the difference between the heterogeneous and homogenous catalysts and showing examples (Bruice, 2007). A reaction can be sped up by a catalyst since they offer an optional route for the reactions to happen. They lessen the necessary reaction energy for the reactants to create products, therefore, atoms; at any given time will have the necessary energy for activation in order for the products to form. This principle is based on the collision particle theory (Gates, 1992) Reactant molecules interaction with catalysts to provide other routes for the response that connects a lower activation as compared to that of the non-catalyzed reactions. Many of the molecules that interact have energies that are bigger as compared to the lower enthalpy activation. Many of the collisions therefore end in a successful reaction and the conversion rates of reactant to product are enhanced and this demonstrates how catalysts function through enthalpy profiles (McNaught and Wilkinson, 1997) The two main groups of catalysts are homogeneous and heterogeneous. The catalyst in a heterogeneous reaction is in a diverse state as compared to the reactant. Catalyst in a homogeneous reaction is in a similar state as the reactant(Bell, 1973). This is pointless, in practice, because ethane that is extremely useful is being converted to ethane that is relatively useless. The same reaction however will occur with any compound having a double bond of carbon-carbon. In the vegetable oils hydrogenation one of the vital industrial applications is in its use in making margarine that also entails carbon-carbon double bond reaction in the vegetable oil with a nickel catalyst having a hydrogen presence. Hydrogen is created as before a link with the carbon, and that eventually also ends up breaking free. On the nickel’s surface